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VIDEO CONFERENCING It is an arrangement which facilitates the speakers to communicate with each other in different localities using public telephone links. Participants of the conference located in different geographical distance areas can discuss issues by using their terminals that are linked together viz the telecommunication network. Usually, group communication takes place in person, in the same room, but new technology provides a facility for discussion with a group of persons on the internet. You can conduct a meeting, hold a group discussion or brief people scattered across the country or around the World You can consult a number of experts through computers using group decision support systems for their views before making a decision or for finalizing a plan of action. In teleconferencing, the attention is focused on the idea or concept that is being communicated. This is the advantage of the method but sometimes this overemphasis on the message with a corresponding neglect of...

E-MAIL Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since approximately 1993, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. Historically, the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission. An Internet email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally,...

  Meaning of Advertising- Advertising i is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behaviour with respect to a commercial offering. In Latin, ad vertere means "to turn the mind toward." The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media, including media such as newspaper, magazines, television commercial, radio advertisement, outdoor advertising or direct mail, or new media such as blogs, websites or text messages. Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through "branding," which involves associating a product name or image with certain qualitie...

  Powerpoint Presentations PowerPoint is a complete presentation graphics package. It gives you everything you need i.e. produce a professional-looking presentation. PowerPoint offers word processing, outlining, drawing, graphing, and presentation management tools- all designed to be easy to use and learn. The following gives you a quick overview of what you can do in PowerPoint:  1. When you create a presentation using PowerPoint, the presentation is made up of a series of slides. The slides that you create using PowerPoint can also be presented as overhead transparencies or 35mm slides. 2. In addition to slides, you can print audience handouts, outlines, and speaker's notes.  3. You can format all the slides in a presentation using the powerful Slide Master which will be covered in the tutorial. 4. You can keep your entire presentation in a single file- all your slides, speaker's notes, and audience handouts. 5. You can import what you have created in other Microsoft pr...

Meaning of Curriculum vitae  Curriculum vitae, is a Latin expression which can be loosely translated as the course of life. In current usage, curriculum is less marked as a foreign loanword. Traditionally the word vitae is rendered in English using the ligature æ, hence vitæ, although this convention is less common in contemporary practice. The plural of curriculum vitae, in Latin, is formed following Latin rules of grammar as curricula vitae (meaning "courses of life")-not curriculum vita (which is grammatically incorrect) and not curricula vitarum. The form vitae is the singular genitive of vita and is translated as "of life". A curriculum vitae (CV) provides an overview of a person's experience and other qualifications. In some countries, a CV is typically the first item that a potential employer encounters regarding the job seeker and is typically used to screen applicants, often followed by an interview, when seeking employment. Another name for a CV is a R...

 Meaning of Group Discussion- Group Discussion is a process where ideas and opinions are debated upon. This process is d for selecting candidates for admission to management schools, or for selection for a job. A typical GD comprises a small group of candidates. Each group is then given a topic for son. The topic can be general or specific. Example: "Kashmir Conflict" or just a phrase "Where there's a will there's a way". Remember to take a stand during the discussion. It is not necessary that you conclude by positive or a negative viewpoint, but to summarize the discussion well and being neutral gives an edge over others. The candidates are given a time limit for discussing this topic. Each participant has to give his or her views on the topic. The panelists are there to judge the discussion. After the time limit is over, the best candidate from the group is selected. The same process is followed for other groups. Tips on Group Discussion- 1. Adequate Knowl...

  Meaning of Share Capital-  A company's share capital is the money it raises by issuing common or preferred stock. With additional public offerings, a company's share capital or equity financing may change over time. Depending on the context, the term "share capital" can mean a variety of things. Accountants have a much narrower definition, and it governs the balance sheets of publicly traded companies. It refers to the total amount raised by the company through share sales.  Types of Shares Capital- (i) Nominal or Registered or Authorised Capital- The amount of capital with which the company intends to be registered is called registered capital. It is the maximum amount which the company is authorised to raise by way of public subscription. There is no legal limit on the extent of the amount of authorised capital. (ii) Issued Capital- That part of the authorised capital which is offered to the public for subscription is called issued capital.  (iii) Subscribed Ca...

  OTHER NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 1. Inland Instrument(Section 11)   A promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque drawn or made in India, and made payable in, or drawn upon any person resident in India, shall be deemed to be an inland instrument. An inland instrument, therefore, may be, either: (i) made or drawn in India and also made payable in India; or,  (ii) drawn in India on a person resident in India, although it is stated to be payable in a foreign country. Examples of inland instruments are: 1. A promissory note made in Delhi and payable in Bombay.  2. A bill of exchange drawn in Delhi and made payable in Bombay (It may have been drawn on some person resident abroad, e.g., London). 3. A bill of exchange drawn in Delhi on a person resident in Bombay (although it is stated to be payable in London) (2) Foreign Instrument (Section 12) Any instrument which is not so drawn, made or made payable that it may be called an inland instrument, shall be deemed to be a forei...

 BILL OF EXCHANGE (Section 5)   Section 5 defines a bill of exchange as follows; "A Bill of Exchange is an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order. signed by the maker, directing a certain person, to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of, a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument." The bill of exchange is used when :  - when a creditor sells goods on credit to his debtor or there exists a debt between them; - the debtor agrees to make payment for goods on a future date after the expiry of the credit period ; - the creditor to ensure that the debtor shall pay for the goods; - draws a bill , which is called as a bill of exchange ; - the creditor draws the bill, so he is called as drawer; - the debtor is known as drawee ; - when the bill is drawn, the drawer (creditor) takes the bill to the drawee and gets his signature on it; - when the drawee signs the bill, the bill is said to have been accepted;   - once the bill i...

What is a Precis ? A precis is a summary. It is the gist or main theme of a passage expressed in as few words as possible. Precis-Writing differs from paraphrasing. A paraphrase must reproduce not only the substance but also all the details of the passage. It will necessarily be longer than the original. But a precis must always be shorter than the original. It is the main theme shorn of all unimportant details. Essentials of a Good Precis :      A good precis should give the main thoughts and the general impression of the passage to be summarised. It should not be a series of disjointed sentences but a continuous piece of prose. No sentence of the Original passage should be borrowed as it is. A precis should be clear. It must present the substance of the original passage in one's own language expressed as distinctly as possible. A precis should not be sketchy. It should be complete in every respect. Whereas it should be brief, it should also be exact. How to attempt a Pr...

 Interview Skills An interview is a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. The traditional one-on-one interview permits direct questions and followups, which enables an inter viewer to better gauge the occuracy of responses. It is a flexible arrangement in the sense that following questions can be tailored to clarify earlier answers. Further, it eliminates any possible distortion by having third parties present. There are some easy steps that you can take that will increase your chances of success at interviews. First, remember that job interviews should be a process of two-way communication. Not only are they a tool for employers to use to evaluate you, but they are also an opportunity for you to assess the job, the organization, and to see if there is a "fit." The keys to a successful interview are preparation and practice. The following suggestions will help you prepare for an interview:  Self-evaluation It is important for you to think about yoursel...

 NON-VERBAL/GESTURAL COMMUNICATION Non-Verbal communication is a communication without words. It is the process of conveying a message through non-linguistic signs. Non-verbal communication can portray a message both verbally and with the correct body signals. Body signals comprise physical features, conscious and unconscious gestures and signals. The wrong message can be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal message. Non-verbal communication strengthens the first impression in common situations like attracting a partner or in a business interview. Impressions are on average formed within the first four seconds of contact. First encounters or interactions with another person strongly affect a person's perception. When the other person or group is absorbing the message they are focused on the entire environment around them, meaning the other person uses all five senses in the interaction: 83% sight, 11% hearing, 3% smell, 2% touch and 1% taste. Non-verbal...